Buddhism, a spiritual tradition founded over 2,500 years ago by Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha), has diversified into various schools and traditions. Two of the most prominent branches are Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism. Understanding the predominant form of Buddhism practiced in Thailand requires an exploration of its historical, cultural, and societal contexts.
Overview of Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism
Theravada, meaning “Teaching of the Elders,” is considered the oldest form of Buddhism. It emphasizes personal enlightenment through direct experience, meditation, and adherence to the Pāli Canon (Tipiṭaka), the earliest recorded Buddhist scriptures. Theravada practitioners aim to become Arhats, individuals who have achieved enlightenment and are liberated from the cycle of birth and rebirth.
Mahayana Buddhism
Mahayana, translating to “Great Vehicle,” emerged later and encompasses a broader range of teachings and practices. It emphasizes the Bodhisattva path, where practitioners seek enlightenment not only for themselves but also to assist all sentient beings in achieving liberation. Mahayana Buddhism incorporates a variety of texts beyond the Pāli Canon, including the Mahayana Sutras, and is known for its adaptability to different cultures and societies.
Historical Development of Buddhism in Thailand
Early Influences
Buddhism is believed to have been introduced to the region now known as Thailand as early as the 3rd century BCE, during the reign of Indian Emperor Ashoka. The initial form of Buddhism practiced was influenced by various traditions, including Mahayana and Theravada. Archaeological evidence, such as inscriptions and artifacts, indicates the presence of both schools during different periods of Thai history.
Transition to Theravada Dominance
Over time, Theravada Buddhism became the dominant tradition in Thailand. This shift was influenced by several factors:
Monastic Reforms: In the 13th century, King Ram Khamhaeng of the Sukhothai Kingdom invited Theravada monks from Sri Lanka to purify and reform the monastic community, leading to the establishment of Theravada as the state religion.
Political Patronage: Subsequent Thai kings continued to support and promote Theravada Buddhism, integrating it into the fabric of Thai society and governance.
Cultural Integration: Theravada Buddhism intertwined with local customs, traditions, and beliefs, making it more accessible and acceptable to the Thai populace.
Presence of Mahayana Buddhism in Thailand
Historical Context
While Theravada Buddhism is predominant, Mahayana Buddhism has maintained a presence in Thailand, primarily among ethnic Chinese and Vietnamese communities. Chinese immigrants established Mahayana temples in urban areas, particularly in Bangkok, contributing to the religious diversity of the country.
Mahayana Temples and Practices
Mahayana temples, known as “Samphanthawong” or “Wat Leng Noei Yi,” serve as centers for Mahayana practices, including rituals, festivals, and community gatherings. These temples often feature distinct architectural styles and house statues of Bodhisattvas, reflecting Mahayana iconography.
Government Recognition and Support
The Thai government officially recognizes both Theravada and Mahayana traditions. Mahayana monks and nuns participate in national religious events, and Mahayana temples receive state support, reflecting Thailand’s commitment to religious inclusivity.
Comparative Analysis: Theravada and Mahayana in Thailand
Doctrinal Differences
Scriptures: Theravada relies on the Pāli Canon, while Mahayana incorporates additional texts like the Mahayana Sutras.
Goals of Practice: Theravada focuses on individual enlightenment (Arhat), whereas Mahayana emphasizes universal enlightenment (Bodhisattva ideal).
Rituals and Practices
Mahayana Buddhism in Thailand incorporates rituals such as chanting, meditation, and merit-making activities, similar to Theravada practices but with variations reflecting Mahayana teachings.
Cultural Integration
Mahayana communities celebrate festivals like the Lunar New Year and the Hungry Ghost Festival, blending Buddhist practices with cultural traditions from their countries of origin.
Contemporary Landscape of Buddhism in Thailand
Demographic Distribution
Approximately 93.4% of Thailand’s population practices Theravada Buddhism. Mahayana Buddhists, primarily from Chinese and Vietnamese communities, constitute a smaller percentage but contribute to the country’s religious diversity.
Interactions Between Traditions
In urban areas, Theravada and Mahayana communities often coexist, sharing religious spaces and participating in each other’s ceremonies, fostering mutual respect and understanding.
Educational Institutions
Both traditions have established educational institutions in Thailand, offering studies in Buddhist philosophy, languages, and practices, contributing to the preservation and dissemination of their respective teachings.
Conclusion
While Theravada Buddhism is the predominant tradition in Thailand, Mahayana Buddhism maintains a significant presence, particularly among ethnic Chinese and Vietnamese communities. The coexistence of these traditions reflects Thailand’s rich cultural tapestry and its commitment to religious diversity. Understanding this dynamic offers valuable insights into the country’s spiritual landscape and the harmonious interplay of different Buddhist traditions within Thai society
